Fig. 5

Relative calculation times and closure approximation. The calculation time of the discrete model and of the model with quadratic closure relative to the calculation time of the model with IBOF closure is depicted in subfigure a. The subfigures b, c and d represent the evolution of the components of the second order fiber orientation tensor \(\bar {\boldsymbol {N}}\) for the case of a shear flow, with identical isotropic initial conditions. Notice the qualitative difference and similarity between b-c and b-d, respectively (a) Relative calculation times (b) Evolution of \(\bar {\boldsymbol {N}}\) with discrete model (c) Evolution of \(\bar {\boldsymbol {N}}\) with quadratic closure (d) Evolution of \(\bar {\boldsymbol {N}}\) with IBOF closure